Chapter 5. Implementing Risk Forecasts (in R/Julia)

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Copyright 2011, 2016, 2018 Jon Danielsson. This code is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. The GNU General Public License is available at: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
The original 2011 R code will not fully work on a recent R because there have been some changes to libraries. The latest version of the Matlab code only uses functions from Matlab toolboxes.
The GARCH functionality in the econometric toolbox in Matlab is trying to be too clever, but can't deliver and could well be buggy. If you want to try that, here are the docs (estimate). Besides, it can only do univariate GARCH and so can't be used in Chapter 3. Kevin Sheppard's MFE toolbox is much better, while not as user friendly, it is much better written and is certainly more comprehensive. It can be downloaded here and the documentation here is quite detailed.

Listing 5.1/5.2: Download stock prices in R
Last updated August 2016 

library(tseries)
library(zoo)
prices = zoo(read.csv('stocks.csv',header=TRUE,sep=','))
## convert prices of first two stocks to returns and adjust length
y1=tail(diff(log(coredata(prices[,1]))),4100)
y2=tail(diff(log(coredata(prices[,2]))),4100)
TT=length(y1)
y=cbind(y1,y2)
value = 1000                                             # portfolio value
p = 0.01                                                 # probability
Listing 5.1/5.2: Download stock prices in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

using CSV;
p = CSV.read("stocks.csv",nullable=false);
## convert prices of first two stocks to returns, and adjust length
y1 = diff(log.(p[:,1]));
y2 = diff(log.(p[:,2]));
y1 = y1[length(y1)-4100+1:length(y1)];
y2 = y2[length(y2)-4100+1:length(y2)];
y = hcat(y1,y2);
T = size(y,1)
value = 1000;                              # portfolio value
p = 0.01;                                  # probability
Listing 5.3/5.4: Univariate HS in R
Last updated August 2016 

ys = sort(y1)        # sort returns
op = TT*p            # p percent smallest
VaR1 = -ys[op]*value
print(VaR1)
Listing 5.3/5.4: Univariate HS in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

ys = sort(y1)            # sort returns
op = convert(Int64, T*p) # p percent smallest
VaR1 = -ys[op] * value
Listing 5.5/5.6: Multivariate HS in R
Last updated 2011 

w = matrix(c(0.3,0.7)) # vector of portfolio weights
yp = y %*% w           # obtain portfolio returns
yps = sort(yp)
VaR2 = -yps[op]*value
print(VaR2)
Listing 5.5/5.6: Multivariate HS in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

w = [0.3; 0.7]          # vector of portfolio weights
yp = y * w              # portfolio returns
yps = sort(yp)
VaR2 = -yps[op] * value
Listing 5.7/5.8: Univariate ES in R
Last updated 2011 

ES1 = -mean(ys[1:op])*value
print(ES1)
Listing 5.7/5.8: Univariate ES in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

ES1 = -mean(ys[1:op]) * value
Listing 5.9/5.10: Normal VaR in R
Last updated 2011 

sigma = sd(y1)                   # estimate volatility
VaR3 = -sigma * qnorm(p) * value
print(VaR3)
Listing 5.9/5.10: Normal VaR in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

sigma = std(y1)                                 # estimate volatility
using Distributions;
VaR3 = -sigma * quantile(Normal(0,1),p) * value
Listing 5.11/5.12: Portfolio normal VaR in R
Last updated 2011 

sigma = sqrt(t(w) %*% cov(y) %*% w)[1] # portfolio volatility
## Note: the trailing [1] is to convert a single element matrix to float
VaR4 = -sigma * qnorm(p)*value
print(VaR4)
Listing 5.11/5.12: Portfolio normal VaR in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

sigma = sqrt(w'*cov(y)*w)                        # portfolio volatility
VaR4 = -sigma * quantile(Normal(0,1), p) * value
Listing 5.13/5.14: Student-t VaR in R
Last updated August 2016 

library(QRM)
scy1=(y1)*100                            # scale  the returns
res=fit.st(scy1)
sigma1=res$par.ests[3]/100               # rescale the volatility
nu=res$par.ests[1]
VaR5 = - sigma1 * qt(df=nu,p=p) *  value
print(VaR5)
Listing 5.13/5.14: Student-t VaR in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

## using Distributions;
## res = fit_mle(TDist, y1)
## nu = res.ν (this is the Greek letter nu, not Latin v)
## sigma = sqrt(nu/(nu-2))
## VaR5 = -sigma * quantile(TDist(nu), p) * value
## Julia does not have a function for fitting Student-t data yet
## Currently: there exists Distributions.jl with fit_mle
## usage: Distributions.fit_mle(Dist_name, data[, weights])
Listing 5.15/5.16: Normal ES in R
Last updated June 2018 

sigma = sd(y1)
ES2 = sigma*dnorm(qnorm(p))/p * value
print(ES2)
Listing 5.15/5.16: Normal ES in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

sigma = std(y1)
ES2 = sigma * pdf(Normal(0,1), (quantile(Normal(0,1), p))) / p * value
Listing 5.17/5.18: Direct integration ES in R
Last updated 2011 

VaR = -qnorm(p)
integrand = function(q){q*dnorm(q)}
ES = -sigma*integrate(integrand,-Inf,-VaR)$value/p*value
print(ES)
Listing 5.17/5.18: Direct integration ES in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

using QuadGK;
VaR = -quantile(Normal(0,1), p)
integrand(x) = x*pdf(Normal(0,1), x)
ES = -sigma * quadgk(integrand, -Inf, -VaR)[1] / p * value
Listing 5.19/5.20: MA normal VaR in R
Last updated June 2018 

WE=20
for (t in seq(TT-5,TT)){
  t1=t-WE+1
  window= y1[t1:t]                 # estimation window
  sigma=sd(window)
  VaR6 = -sigma * qnorm(p) * value
  print(VaR6)
}
Listing 5.19/5.20: MA normal VaR in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

WE = 20
for t in range(T-5, 6)
    t1 = t-WE
    window = y1[t1+1:t]                         # estimation window
    sigma = std(window)
    VaR6 = -sigma*quantile(Normal(0,1),p)*value
    println(VaR6)
end
Listing 5.21/5.22: EWMA VaR in R
Last updated August 2016 

lambda = 0.94;
s11 = var(y1[1:30]);                           # initial variance
for (t in 2:TT){
  s11 = lambda * s11  + (1-lambda) * y1[t-1]^2
}
VaR7 = -qnorm(p) * sqrt(s11) * value
print(VaR7)
Listing 5.21/5.22: EWMA VaR in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

lambda = 0.94
s11 = var(y1[1:30])                                  # initial variance
for t in range(2, T-1)
    s11 = lambda * s11 + (1-lambda) * y1[t-1]^2
end
VaR7 = -sqrt(s11) * quantile(Normal(0,1), p) * value
Listing 5.23/5.24: Two-asset EWMA VaR in R
Last updated 2011 

s = cov(y)                                         # initial covariance
for (t in 2:TT){
  s = lambda*s + (1-lambda)*y[t-1,] %*% t(y[t-1,])
}
sigma = sqrt(t(w) %*% s %*% w)[1]                  # portfolio vol
## Note: [1] is to convert single element matrix to float
VaR8 = -sigma * qnorm(p) * value
print(VaR8)
Listing 5.23/5.24: Two-asset EWMA VaR in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

s = cov(y)                                               # initial covariance
for t in range(2, T-1)
    s = lambda * s + (1-lambda) * y[t-1,:] * (y[t-1,:])'
end
sigma = sqrt(w'*s*w)                                     # portfolio vol
VaR8 = -sigma * quantile(Normal(0,1), p) * value
Listing 5.25/5.26: GARCH in R
Last updated 2011 

library(fGarch)
g = garchFit(~garch(1,1),y1,include.mean=F,trace=F)
omega = g@fit$matcoef[1,1]
alpha = g@fit$matcoef[2,1]
beta = g@fit$matcoef[3,1]
sigma2 = omega + alpha*y[TT]^2 + beta*g@h.t[TT]     # calc sigma2 for t+1
VaR9 = -sqrt(sigma2) * qnorm(p) * value
print(VaR9)
Listing 5.25/5.26: GARCH VaR in Julia
Last updated June 2018 

## We use the FRFGarch mini-package again (refer to Chapter 2 above)
using FRFGarch;
res = GARCHfit(y1)
sigma_fc = res.seForecast
## seForecast contains the next-day conditional volatility forecast
VaR9 = - sigma_fc * quantile(Normal(0,1), p) * value
## GARCH estimation will be slightly different from other languages
## this is due to GARCHfit choosing initial conditional vol = sample vol